Jetlag affects most people to a small or large degree after crossing more than one time-zone. As a rule the longer your flight the more extensive and troublesome jetlag appears to be. The symptoms of jetlag appear to be more pronounced for some people after travelling from east to west, or when several flights are undertaken in succession, but disorientation occurs whenever you travel by air for extended periods of time.
Those people with fixed routines appear to be affected to a greater extent than children or people whose lives are less structured. However, flight crews who travel extensively may still suffer from extended fatigue and other symptoms associated with jetlag, and require significantly longer periods of time to recover from long flights when they do not have enough time on the ground between flights.
Other contributing factors include dehydration due to the dry air that is circulated during a flight, increased air pressure once cruising altitude is reached, inactivity due to restricted seat space and the fear of disturbing others if moving around the cabin frequently.

Snoring is a sleep disorder. It may bother the snorer and usually disturbs the sleep of anyone else in the same room. Occasionally someone with profound or particularly noisy snoring disturbs the sleep of others in different rooms attempting to sleep themselves. 
The sound of snoring is caused by the tissues lining the throat rattling as air tries to pass up and down while the snorer is resting. Those that are overweight or who have a narrow throat, large tonsils or adenoids are more prone to be snorers. This is because there is more tissue lining and surrounding the throat that may increase rattling, or vibrate more, and therefore make more noise. 
Men appear to snore more than women as their throat is generally narrower, plus those that have persistently blocked nasal passages or sinuses tend to snore more often. Other factors that appear to make snoring more likely when sleeping include smoking and sleeping on your back. Alcohol and medications that make you sleepy also increase the amount and intensity of snoring as they relax the muscles around the throat increasing throat vibration when asleep.
If snoring is bothering your partner or family, it is helpful to keep a diary so you can record your sleep and any patterns associated with your snoring.
For most people, closed mouth snoring may mean that their tongue is affecting their sleep and those around them. This may be helped by specific devices to help the tongue stay in position and prevent snoring from occurring. For those that snore with their mouth open the problem is generally from the throat. This may be helped by a device that specifically targets this by keeping the throat open with positive air pressure. 

A hangover occurs when your intake of alcohol containing substances is greater than the body’s ability to detoxify or remove this harmful or potentially poisonous substance.
When alcohol is taken into the body it gets absorbed directly into the bloodstream.  Eating before drinking will delay but not prevent the affects of alcohol.  If it is your habit to drink significant amounts of alcohol in the evening then you may still have a high level of alcohol circulating in your bloodstream the following morning affecting your judgement and ability to function normally, as well as the ‘hangover’ effect being delayed or prolonged.
Some people produce less of an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase that converts alcohol into a less toxic substance allowing it to be excreted.  These people are more likely to suffer from the effects of even very small amounts of alcohol, and are best advised to avoid any alcohol intake.

Body odour is produced by some people when they sweat. The smell is not caused by the perspiration, but by bacteria on the body that breaks down the sweat into products that produce the unpleasant smells.
All of us sweat, or perspire. It is one of the ways that the body regulates temperature and gets rid of waste products from the body, apart from the more obvious methods of body waste removal, such as bowel motions and urine. There are two types of sweat glands: eccrine glands which are all over the body and help to maintain normal body temperature by producing odourless perspiration, and apocrine glands that are in hairy areas, such as the armpits and groin. The apocrine glands start producing sweat at puberty, with the arrival of pubic hair, and produce sweat that contain proteins which cause bad smelling substances when broken down, resulting in odours that can become offensive. Apocrine sweat also contains pheromones that are reputed to cause attraction between people.
Anyone can get body odour, but men often sweat more than women, so are more likely to have body odour. However, being overweight and some medical conditions, such as diabetes, may also cause people to be more likely to develop body odour. Foods like garlic, as well as alcohol, can also be excreted or removed from the body via sweat and produce odours. Anything that makes you more likely to perspire may worsen body odour. Some of us sweat more when stressed, or nervous.

Keeping warm, especially over winter, is a priority for infants as they have not yet developed their ability to regulate their body temperature.  Others at risk are the elderly and the unwell. They are generally less mobile and their ability to generate body heat by moving around is restricted. This is made worse by poorly insulated houses or those designed for warmer climates, not the rigors of a harsh winter.
Symptoms of being too cold, or mild hypothermia, include reddened or blotchy skin that is cool to the touch. Babies suffering from moderate hypothermia are often sleepy or limp and don’t feed well. In adults,  toddlers and children the symptoms of moderate hypothermia include confusion, tiredness and fast breathing. 
If hypothermia persists and worsens then deterioration is rapid - both breathing and the pulse weaken to an eventual stop. Hypothermia is dangerous as the individual suffering from it is often unaware of the danger. It is often only treated when other people notice the changes.  For those living alone it is imperative that their house and clothing is warm and dry, and that they have regular contact with others to ensure they are safe and well.

Everyday life is filled with struggles. For some people, stress is so common that it becomes part of their everyday routine. A little bit of stress on your body won’t do you any harm – in fact it can motivate you to do your best. On the other hand, an excessive amount of stress that is ongoing plays havoc on your physical wellbeing. If you constantly find yourself feeling overwhelmed it’s time to get some help.
So, what is stress?
Stress is a physical reaction to events that make you feel threatened or upset your balance. This stress response from your body is its way of looking after you. Up to a certain point a stress response can be very helpful, especially in emergency situations where stress can save your life.

Insomnia is the term used to describe either difficulty falling asleep when going to bed, or staying awake during the night. Many people, especially shift workers, suffer from sleep disturbances when they change their sleeping pattern after moving from night shift to afternoon or day shifts and vice versa. 
Insomnia falls into two usual categories - either chronic or ongoing inability to sleep through the night, or the occasional or episodic pattern of sleepless nights. Some of us manage to have full productive lives with less than six hours sleep each night; famous examples include Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. For the rest of us, after a night of poor sleep we feel exhausted and not able to function at a peak level of achievement. 
Insomnia is most commonly suffered by new parents - poor sleep patterns become a way of life for the first few months of their child’s life as they struggle to get four or more uninterrupted hours rest each night.  Others may suffer from insomnia when they are over-stimulated, by stress, too much alcohol or caffeine, drugs such as diet medications or cold remedies, noise or changes to the sleeping environment.

At some point or another everyone feels down after a stressful or upsetting situation. This is perfectly normal. But if your mood doesn’t lift and it persists for an extended period of time, then it’s a good idea to get some help as you may have depression.
Depression is a condition where a person suffers from a continual low mood, sadness and/or physical characteristics like disturbed sleep, low energy or anxiety. Key signs that you may have depression are constantly feeling down or hopeless and having little interest or pleasure in doing things you used to enjoy.
Depression affects approximately one in four women and one in ten men. The earlier depression is diagnosed and treated, the greater the chance of recovery. People with depression usually make a full recovery.

Regardless of our age, sexual orientation and sexual history, we all need to take care of our reproductive anatomy, ensuring good health and working order. To prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs), it is essential to use barrier contraception (condoms) whenever engaging in sexual intercourse.  
There are many STIs that need immediate treatment. Being embarrassed, shy or unwilling to admit poor sexual hygiene, such as forgetting to use a condom, adds to the possibility of STIs being spread into the community.
If you are considering embarking on any sexual activity, it is a good idea to get advice about avoiding and checking for STIs. Advice is available from many sources and is often free and always confidential. All health professionals are required to keep confidential any personal health information.
For many, a pharmacy is an accessible first point of call for unbiased health advice. Other places include school nurses, public health nurses, family planning clinics, sexual health clinics, as well as the family doctor.
The most common STIs include the following:
Chlamydia:
​This is a bacterial STI infecting the urethra (tube inside the penis) in men and the urethra and cervix (neck of the womb) in women. It can also infect the rectum and sometimes the eyes and throat. It is often symptom free, which means chlamydia can spread after a change of sexual partners, and it can cause fertility problems if left untreated.
Genital warts: These are found on the skin around the genital area, vagina, cervix, penis, scrotum, urethra or anus. They may not cause any physical signs of infection and some may be implicated in cervical cancer, or cancers in males.

It is helpful to plan some form of contraception unless you are prepared for the possibility of parenthood.
Contraception is also no guarantee against getting a sexually transmitted infection, so it is helpful to be at the least well-informed before you embark on a sexual encounter, whether planned or not.
Apart from abstinence, the safest way of protecting yourself from the consequences of sexual contact is to use a barrier method of contraception. Condoms are the most commonly used barrier method.  They are inexpensive, readily available, and the most convenient way of lessening the possibility of both pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. If used correctly, they are nearly as effective as an oral contraceptive, but this generally requires them to be used with lubricants to make them less likely to break.
It is helpful if you have never used a condom before to find out how to use them – in the heat of the moment you may not put it on correctly, and you must remember to hold the condom on the penis while withdrawing.
The female condom is also available. They are latex free, so are suitable for those people that are allergic to latex in the male condom.
Other methods of contraception do not protect against sexually transmitted infections but are regarded as more reliable contraceptives.  These include the combined oral contraceptive and the mini-pill, which contains only one hormone, instead of the two in the combined oral contraceptive. Both of these need to be taken regularly every day, and need to be taken for some days before they are able to be relied on as contraceptives.
Contraceptive implants are now available on prescription. They are small rods that are inserted into the upper arm of a woman and are left in place for three to five years, depending on the type of implant.
The contraceptive coil may also be inserted in the vagina.  They contain either a hormone or copper and are effective for up to five years.